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Prof. Dr. Scholastica Awino Ollando Omondi Ph.D.

Member of the Board of Directors for the CLASI.

Member of the Board of Directors for the CLASI.

Ph.D. (Law) University of Nairobi, Kenya || Ph.D. (Access to Criminal Justice System by Victims of Spousal Abuse) University of Nairobi, Kenya || MA (Sociology) University of Nairobi, Kenya || LL. B (Hons) University of Nairobi, Kenya || Postgraduate Diploma in Legal Practice, Kenya School of Law, Nairobi, Kenya || Post Graduate Diploma ( Training of Trainers on Crime Prevention) Witwatersrand University, South Africa || Associate Dean, Kenya School of Law, Kisumu Campus || Advocate of the High Court of Kenya. ||

Academic Record

  1. PhD in Law from the University of Nairobi-Area of specialization-Criminal Justice Studies and Public law(Human Rights, Constitutionalism, Victimology and Criminology, Penology, Correctional Services , Gender Studies, Procedural Justice and Research Methodology in Criminal justice.
  2. Masters in Sociology (Counseling), University of Nairobi.
  3. Bachelors in Laws from Nairobi University.
  4. Diploma in Laws Kenya School of Law.
  5. An advocate of the Supreme Court of Kenya.
  6. Post Graduate Diploma in training of trainers on Crime Prevention from Witwatersrand University in S. Africa.
  • Currently undertaking a second PhD study at Kenyatta University, Department of Sociology. I have completed compiling the report and doing editorials for submission for examination on the topic “Socio-Cultural and Economic Determinants of Access to the Criminal Justice System by Victims of Spouse Abuse in Nairobi County, Kenya.”
  • Certificate in the following:
  • Good governance and Education from the USA.
  • Judicial Administration from the UK.
  • Financial Management of World Bank funded projects from India.
  • Judicial System Training in Drug-related Casework in Eastern and Southern Africa, Organized by UN ODCCP in Co-operation with the Justice College
    Pretoria, South Africa.
  • Environmental Impact Assessment Expert registered by NEMA.
  • Arbitration with the chartered Institute of Arbitration London.
  • Jurisprudence of equality women and children rights from the international women judges’ foundation USA.
  • Total quality Management in Kenya.
  • Juvenile Justice Administration.
  • Crime Prevention Program by the World Bank.
  • Computer literacy – Kenya

Skills And Experience

  • Consultant in Criminal Justice.
  • Researcher In Criminal Justice.
  • Judicial Administration.
  • Justice Systems, and the Law of Arbitration and Dispute Resolution.
  • Socio-Legal Approach to Issues.

Educational Background

1975 – 1981: Attended and sat for– C.P.E (Certificate of Primary Education) at Asumbi Girls Boarding Primary

1982 – 1985: Attended St. Francis Rang’ala Girls High School and sat for – KCE (Kenya Certificate of Education)

1986 – 1987: Attended Alliance Girls High School – and sat for (KACE) Kenya Advanced Certificate Of Education.

1989 – 1991: Studied Bachelor of Laws, Graduated in 1992 at Nairobi University with an LLB Degree (Bachelor of Laws).

1992: Obtained a Diploma in Law from The Kenya School of Law.

1993: Admitted as an Advocate of The High Court of Kenya.

2007: Graduated from the University of Nairobi with a Master in Sociology (Counseling).

2013: Awarded a Ph.D in Law at The University of Nairobi.

Training In Skills

1997: I attended a seminar on the topic – Towards Effective and Efficient Administration of Justice areas covered included Gender Sensitivity, Laws relating to Juveniles, Networking in Criminal Administration of Justice. This seminar was held by the U.S.A.I.D. jointly with the Directorate of
Personnel Management in Kenya.

1999: I attended an Education and Democracy Programme in Washington D.C. – U.S.A.

July, 2000: I attended a Judicial Administration Programme organized by RIPA International London, Britain. The course covered key concepts in the management and administration of court systems and the interaction between courts, court users and other Justice System agencies.

October, 2000 – I attended a Train-the-Trainer’s workshop in Uganda by the International Women Judges Foundation. The programme was on Jurisprudence of Equality, Women, Judges and Human Rights, focusing on the CRC (Convention on the Rights of the Child), and the CEDEW (Convention on the Elimination of all forms of Discrimination against Women) on the Children & Women’s Rights as Human Rights. Subsequent to the training, I, together with another trainer prepared a training Manual for Kenyan Judicial Officers and successfully conducted two training sessions in Nyeri and Mombasa for both Judges and Magistrates. That was the introduction of the JEP Programme (Jurisprudence of Equality Programme), which now has trained almost half of the Judicial Officers on Children and Women’s Rights, the International Conventions, Domestication of the International Conventions in Kenya and Protection of Children and Women in Kenya.

2000 – 2001: Served as Secretary of the Kenya Magistrates and Judges Association.

2001: I participated in a seminar on Effective Administration of juvenile Justice – in Kenya, organized by UNAFEI and JICA together with the Judiciary and presented a paper on the topic “The Role of the Juvenile Court in the Administration of Juvenile Justice”.

2002: Attended a Regional Training Course for Magistrates under the Project “Judicial System Training in Drug-related Casework in Eastern and Southern Africa” Organized by UN ODCCP in Cooperation with the Justice College Pretoria.

2003: Attended a Course on Financial Management and Disbursement Procedures for the World Bank Aided Projects at The Administrative Staff College of India.

April 2003: Registered as a member of the Chartered Institute of Arbitrators.

December 2003: Trained in Tools of Environmental Management Conducted by SENKE and UNEP.

April 2004: Trained in Sustainable Environmental Course at the Kenya Institute of Administration.

July 2004: Registered as an Environmental Impact Assessment Expert.

2009: Attended trainings on Constitutional Review and Dispute Resolution in Kenya ,Uganda and South Africa.

2011: Attended trainings on Program Assessment in United States International University (USIU).

2012: Attended trainings on computer assisted data analysis in USIU.

2013: Attended a training of trainers (TOT) on Crime Prevention in S.A (South Africa).

2014: Attended a training on Assessment Beyond the Grade at USIU.

2014: Attended a Commonwealth Magistrates’ and Judges Association Annual Conference in Zambia on the Theme ‘Judicial Independence ‘The Challenges of the Modern Era.’

2014: Attended an international conference in Nairobi Kenya on Transitional Justice in Post-conflict societies in Africa 8th and 9th October 2014. I presented a Paper on The Role of the Judiciary in Transitional Justice and Reconciliation in Kenya following the Post election violence in 2007/2008.

2015: Appointed as a member of the Expert& Steering Committee on Adoption.

2015: Attended a workshop on the Belt and the Road initiative in China on Maritime Insecurity.

2015: Presented a paper on the topic ‘Issues in Gender Based Violence: Socio- Cultural and Economic Determinants to Accessing Justice by Gender Based Violence Victims/Survivors in Kenya’ at the Commonwealth Judges &Magistrates Association Conference in Wellington, New Zealand.

2015: I took part in the review of the Masters curriculum and the PhD curriculum For the School of Law, University of Nairobi.

2016: I have taken part in the evaluation of proposed Masters program in Law and proposed Bachelors of Criminal justice program as a peer reviewer for the Commission for University Education.

2017:

  • February Attended a workshop in South Africa organized by Give a Child a Home on the topic Alternative Family Care System.
  • May 17-20: Attended a conference in Rwanda on Child Protection: Alternatives to Adoption in the Post 1994 Genocide.
  • May 21-25: Attended a training program on Women’s Access to justice at the University of Cape town in South Africa

I am also Computer Literate

Working Experience

Currently a lecturer in Law at the School of Law, University of Nairobi.

Attended and participated in a workshop to review the doctoral and masters programme for the School of Law, University of Nairobi.

2015: Chaired a task force on program assessment of criminal justice program at USIU.

2011 – 2014: Assistant Professor in Criminal Justice Studies at USIU.

2011: Undertook a consultancy to evaluate the computerization project of Eldoret and Kapsabet law courts.

January 2010: Appointed a judge of the Interim Independent Constitutional Dispute Resolution Court. The court resolved the disputes arising from the review process, leading to the promulgation of the new constitution in Kenya. The task is complete and the court wound up on the 27th November 2010.

2009: Participated in the development of the courses for an undergraduate programme in Criminology and Criminal Justice for the Sociology Department at the University of Nairobi.

2009: Developed a Policy framework for management of prisoners –‘The Kenya Prisons Benchmark Book’ for the Kenya Prisons.

2009: Carried out a consultancy for the Probation and Aftercare department and developed The Pre-bail Assessment Instrument.

2009 June: Was part of a team that carried out a World Bank consultancy on the social context of magistrates, courts in coast and eastern provinces of Kenya.

2003 – 2008: Carried out various training programmes, consultancies and facilitation workshops for the judiciary, probation, police and prisons departments in Kenya.

Representation of children in court:

  • Undertook a sensitization programme on the Children Act for the police.
  • Developed Policy framework for judicial officers for supervising child/youthful offenders on Community Service.
  • Legal representation of child offenders.
  • Developed training manual for the police, a policy document on child protection.
  • Trained the Probation officers on their Role in the Criminal justice System and execution of judicial orders on alternatives to custody.
  • Developed the Constitution for all African Correctional Institutions (CESCA) which is now functional.
  • Involved in Prison reforms and Developed a Policy framework for management of prisoners ‘Bench Mark Book; for the Prisons Department in Kenya.
  • Developed a practice tool ‘Pre-Bail Assessment Instrument’ for data collecting for Probation Officers handling bail matters.
  • July 2003 left the Judiciary to Start CHILD COUNSELLING AND RELATED ISSUES ADVISORY AND CONSULTANCY [AN NGO]
  • March 2003 posted to Makadara Law Courts.

Jan 2003 – Appointed Deputy Registrar Children Courts, and Deputy Registrar Reform and Development in the Judiciary.

In the course of my work as the in-charge of Nairobi Children’s Court, formerly the Nairobi Juvenile court, some of my Achievements included;

Changing the Nairobi Juvenile Court from an intimidating court to a child friendly court, both in it’s outlook and procedures), in readiness for the implementation of the Children Act.

Advocating for the need to have such child friendly courts set up throughout the country, modeled around the Nairobi Children’s Court.

Developing and coordinating the training programme for Gazetted Magistrates under the Children Act. The first group of Magistrates (43 in number) have already been trained, the next lot of 78, are still pending training at the beginning of the year.

Drafting of Rules of Procedure in court under the Children Act – The draft was finally approved and forms part of the rules under the Children Act today.

I was a member of the Government of Kenya Inter-ministerial Committee on the Implementation of the Children Act, where I represented the Judiciary and advised on legal issues.

I was a member of The Legal Sector Reform Committee where I represented community justice and children’s’ issues.

In 2000 I participated in the Training of Children Officers on Juvenile Justice Programme funded by UNICEF.

I was the Judiciary representative on the Government of Kenya/UNICEF/UNDP Programmes.

I am a member of the CHARTERED INSTITUTE OF ARBITRATORS.

I was a member of the NATIONAL AND EXECUTIVE COMMITTEES ON COMMUNITY SERVICE PROGRAMME in Kenya from 1999 to 2009 May. This committee is mandated to develop offender supervision policies and oversees the
implementation of programmes for offenders serving community service.

Attendance of Workshops/Conferences and Paper Presentations

At a Seminar by UNAFEI/ JICA/JUDICIARY in 2001 – on effective administration of juvenile justice in Kenya.

I presented a paper on the topic “the role of the juvenile court in the administration of juvenile justice in Kenya”. The impact of HIV/AIDS on the family child and at the workplace.

In 2000, at a workshop organized by the Ministry of Labour and UNICEF on Harmful Effects of Child Labour, education as a strategy, I presented a paper on the urban perspective of child labour.

At a Regional Conference on the Application of International Regional Instruments in Nairobi, held by the Kenya Women Judges Association, August, 2001, I presented a paper on Children and Armed Conflict, a situation analysis of the involvement of children in armed conflict in Africa.

At a workshop by the Legal Sector Reform Committee in 2002, I presented a paper on Proposed Legal Reforms in Juvenile Justice.

In 2002, I presented a paper at a seminar for Magistrates on the Children Act titled “The sittings of the children court”.

The year 2003 had several paper presentations on the role of the police in the current reforms in the country, child protection and public/customer care.

May 2004: I presented a paper at a workshop for co-operative managers on the impact of HIV/AIDS on the family, children and the workplace.

June 2004: I presented a paper at a NACADA policy makers seminar on drug abuse and rehabilitation on the topic challenges in drugs and substance related laws.

June 2004: Presented a paper on drugs substance abuse and the legal consequences at a workshop for the youth in Nairobi.

February 2005: Presented a paper on the rules of procedure of the environment tribunal.

April 2005: Presented a paper at the 6th Pan African Social Work Conference in Nairobi, on the topic ‘Family Welfare and Child Rights, The Role of the Social Worker in Africa’s Development’

  • 1999 – Posted to the Nairobi Children’s Court.
  • 2000 – Promoted to Senior Resident Magistrate.
  • 1997 – Promoted to Resident Magistrate.
  • 1994 – Appointed District Magistrate II (Prof.)
  • 1993 – Appointed a State Counsel in the office of the Attorney General where I worked in the Department of Registrar- General.

Publications

Books:

  1. Balancing Rights of Child Victims of Sexual Abuse and Accused Persons: A Critique of the Adversarial Trial Procedure in Kenya-ISBN 978-3-8484-4027-6

Journal Articles:

  • The Right to a Fair Trial and the Need to Protect Child Victims of Sexual Abuse: Challenges of Prosecuting Child Sexual Abuse under the Adversarial Legal System in Kenya-Published by Quest Journal of Research in Humanities and Social Sciences, Volume 2-Issue 3 (2014) pp: 38-60 ISSN (Online):2321-9467 www.questjournals.org
  • Special Measures to Protect Child Victims of Sexual Abuse while Safeguarding the Rights of Accused Persons: Lessons Children Courts in Kenya can learn from. Published by Quest Journal of Research in Humanities and Social Sciences, Volume 2-Issue 4 (2014) pp: 01-10
    ISSN (Online):2321-9467 www.questjournals.org
  • An Evaluation of Child Sexual Abuse Trial Procedure in Kenya ISSN (ONLINE) 2321-9467 Published by Quest Journal of Research in Humanities and Social Sciences, Volume 2-Issue 4 (2014) pp: 11-63 ISSN (Online):2321-9467 www.questjournals.org
  • Procedural Justice and Child Sexual Abuse Trial in Kenya. Published by Quest Journal of Research in Humanities and Social Sciences, Volume 2-Issue 5 (2014) pp: 30-56 ISSN (Online): 2321-9467 www.questjournals.org
  • A Critique of the Statutory Provisions on Child Sexual Abuse in Kenya. Published by Quest Journal of Research in Humanities and Social Sciences, Volume 2-Issue 6 (2014) pp: 61-71 ISSN(Online):2321-9467 www.questjournals.org
  • Re- Victimizing Child Victims of Sexual Abuse; an Analysis of Post-Trial Procedure and the Impact of Court Testimony on Child Victims of Sexual Abuse in Kenya. Published by Quest Journal of Research in Humanities and Social Sciences, Volume 2-Issue 5 (2014) pp: 17-29 ISSN (Online): 2321-9467 www.questjournals.org
  • The Role of Forensic Science in the Prosecution of Violent Crimes (gender violence, sexual violence and domestic violence.) Published by Journal of International Academic Research for Multidisciplinary. Volume 3-Issue 5,June 2015 ISSN 2320-5083 www.jiarm.org
  • The Influence of Magna Carta on the Legal System in Kenya. Published by The Commonwealth Magistrates and Judges Association Journal. Volume 22, No.1 June 2015 www.commonwealthmagistratesandjudgesassociation.org
  • Balancing the Constitutional Right to Bail and State Security in the Context of Terrorism Threats and Attacks in Kenya. Published by Quest Journal of Research in Humanities and Social Sciences, Volume 3- Issue 2(2015) pp 23-44 ISSN (Online) 2321-9467.www.questjournals.org
  • The Rule of Law, Transitional Justice and Human Rights: Lessons Learnt Following the 2007-2008 Post Election Violence in Kenya, the 2013 and 2017 Elections and the Role of the Judiciary as the Country Prepares for yet another Election on the 26th October 2017. International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, Volume 7, Issue 11, November 2017, ISSN 2250-3153. Available online at http://www.ijsrp.org/research-journal 1117.php.
  • Social, Cultural and Economic determinants to accessing justice by victims of Gender Based Violence in Kenya-A paper presented at the Triennial Conference of Commonwealth Judges and Magistrates Association (CMJA) Conference in New Zealand from the 13-18TH September 2015 (Available at the CMJA website www.commonwealthmagistratesandjudgesassociation.org
  • THE CURRENT SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS ON GENDER EQUALITY AND DISCRIMINATION IN KENYA, International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, Vol. 7, Issue 8, August 2017.

Peer Evaluator For The Commission For University Education

2015 to date: Appointed as Peer Reviewer of university programmes for The Commission For University Education.

Some of the programs I have successfully reviewed include:

  • Bachelor of Law
  • Bachelor of Arts in Criminology and Security Studies
  • Bachelor of Arts in Peace and Security Studies
  • Bachelor of Arts in Peace and Conflict Studies
  • Bachelor of Arts in Criminal Justice and Security Studies
  • Masters of Laws in Natural Oil and Gas
  • Doctor of Philosophy in Political Science

Membership To Professional Bodies

  1. Commonwealth Magistrates and Judges Association
  2. The Chattered Institute of Arbitrators, London
  3. International Women judges Association
  4. The African Network for Constitutional Lawyers in Africa
  5. The Law Society of Kenya
  6. Federation of Women Lawyers Kenya Chapter (FIDA)
  7. Kenya Association of Environmental Impact Assessment Experts.
  8. British Institute in Eastern Africa

Courses That I Teach At University Undergraduate Level

  1. Criminal Law
  2. Victimology
  3. Corrections And Punishment
  4. Comparative Criminal Justice Systems
  5. Ethics In Criminal Justice
  6. Juvenile Delinquency
  7. Internship Supervision
  8. Project Proposal
  9. Criminal Procedure
  10. Law Of Evidence
  11. Dissertation Supervision
  12. Childrens’ Rights
  13. Gender And The Law
  14. Property Law
  15. African Traditional Legal Systems

Masters in Law Courses:

  • Research Methodology
  • Children and the Law
  • Medical Law
  • International Criminal Law

Current Supervision Of Students

Ph.D. in Law:

  • Topic 1: HUMAN TRAFIFICKING IN TURKEY: A CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF THE LEGAL AND INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK-UON
  • Topic 2: AFRICAN TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE IN MEDICINE AND COPYRIGHTS PROTECTION-UON
  • Topic 3: TRADITIONAL DISPUTE MECHANISMS AS A AN ALTERNATIVE TO THE COURT PROCESS IN THE MANAGEMENT OF CASE BACKLOG IN KENYA

Ph.D. – Examination as a reader:

  • Proposal – Topic: CORPORATE CRIMINAL LIABILITY OF COMPANIES IN KENYA 2. PHD-ALTERNATIVE DISPUTE METHODS OF RESOLVING INTRA-FAMILIAL CHILD SEXUAL ABUSE.

Successfully completed Masters supervision of Projects/ Thesis:

  1. INAPPROPRIATE INSTITUTIONALIZATION OF CHILDREN IN CONFLICT WITH THE LAW-CASE STUDY OF DIVERSION IN NAIROBI KENYA-UON
  2. THE RIGHTS OF VICTIMS OF CRIME TO CROSS-EXAMINE WITNESSES IN THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM IN KENYA-UON
  3. PROTECTION AGAINST TORTURE IN SOUTH SUDAN CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM-A CRITICAL ANALYIS-UON
  4. THE IMPACT OF LACK OF LEGAL REPRESENTATION OF CHILD OFFENDERS ON THE RIGHT TO A FAIR TRIAL-UON 13 5. BALANCING PARENTS’ RIGHTS VERSES CHILDRENS RIGHTS IN PARENTING IN KENYA-UON
  5. AN ANALYSIS OF THE ADEQUACY OF THE LEGAL FRAMEWORK IN PROTECTING THE RIGHTS OF CHILD OFFENDERS IN KENYA-UON
  6. A CRITICAL ANALYISIS OF THE USE OF EXRAJUDICIAL MEASURES ON COURTER-TERRORISM IN KENYA- UON
  7. AN ANALYSIS ON CHALLENGES TO THE ENFORECEMT OF CHILD LABOUR LAWS IN KENYA-UON 9. PROSECUTING TRANSNATIONAL ORGANIZED CRIME IN KENYA: IMPORTANCE OF ASSET TRACING AND RECOVERY

Successful Examination of LLM Projects:

CHAIRS OF LLM DEFENCE PANELS, IS A READER

  1. BEADING: THE UNDEFINED OFFENCE IN KENYA
  2. SURROGACY ARRANGEMENTS AND LEGAL PARENTAGE: AN IMMEDIATE CONCERN FOR KENYA-UON
  3. ABORTION IN KENYA: ADEQUACY OF THE KENYAN LAWS IN PROTECTING THE UNBORN CHILD-UON
  4. A CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF THE IMPACT OF INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY IN ENHANCING ACCESS TO JUSTICE IN THE KENYAN JUDICIARY-UON
  5. THE JURISDICTION OF THE KADHI’S COURT IN KENYA ON CHILDREN RELATED MATTERS-UON

Successfully completed supervision of Undergraduates Dissertations:

  1. CHILD PROSTITUTION IN KENYA: AN APRISAL ON THE ADEQUACY OF THE LEGAL FRAMEWORK IN KENYA
  2. ABORTION: AN EVALUATION OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE CRIMINALIZATION OF ABORTION AND THE VIABILITY OF THE IDEA OF LEGALIZING IT
  3. HUMAN INSECURITY IN KENYA: A CRITICAL ASSESSMENT OF THE MEASURES PUT IN PLACE TO CURB THE RAMPANT TERRORISM IN THE COUNTRY
  4. LEGAL THRESHOLD FOR NULLIFIVATION OF ELECTION PETITIONS IN KENYA: A REVIEW OF THE 2013 PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION PETITION
  5. ACCESS TO JUSTICE IN KENYA: THE LEGAL REPRESENTATION TO DESERVING ACCUSED PERSONS
  6. ACCESS TO JUSTICE: ADVOCATING FOR LEGAL REPRESENTATION FOR CHILD OFFENDERS IN KENYA
  7. PRACTICABILITY OF THE DOMESTIC WORKERS CONVENTION, 2011 (189) IN KENYA: THE REALISATION OF THE RIGHT TO FAIR LABOUR RELATIONS FOR DOMESTIC WORKERS 14
  8. A CRITICAL ASESSMENT OF THE MENTAL HEALTH ACT 1989 IN PROTECTING THE RIGHTS OF THE MENTALLY DISABLED PEOPLE IN KENYA
  9. CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF THE ADEQUACY OF THE LAW IN PROTECTING THE RIGHTS OF CHILDREN LIVING WITH THEIR INCARCERATED MOTHERS IN KENYAN PRISIONS
  10. JUVENILE DELINQUENCY AND THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE JUSTICE SYSTEM IN KENYA
  11. A CRITIQUE OF THE NATIONAL SECURITY FUND ACT 2013 AS A POLICY ON PENSION IN KENYA AND POSSIBLE REFORMS
  12. THE ADEQUACY OF IMMIGRATION LAWS AND POLICIES IN PROTECTING MIGRANT DOMESTIC WORKERS FROM KENYA TO OTHER COUNTRIES
  13. PROTECTING THE RIGHTS OF THE CASUAL WORKERS IN THE BUILDING AND CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY IN NAIROBI KENYA: A CRITIQUE OF THE EMPLOYMENT ACT CAP 226 LAWS OF KENYA
  14. PROTECTING THE BEST INTEREST OF THE CHILD IN CASES OF RELOCATION. IS IT TIME TO PROPOSE A BILL RELATING TO RELOCATION DISPUTES IN KENYA?
  15. THE PLACE OF TRADITIONAL DISPUTE RESOLUTION IN ACCESSING JUSTICE IN KENYA UNDER ARTICLE 159 OF THE CONSTITUTION OF KENYA

External Examination Moderation

2014 To Feb 2017: Appointed as an External Examiner for Dedan Kimathi University of Technology, Department of Criminology and Security Management.

2016: Appointed as an External Examiner for The Department of Public Law and Human Rights, Egerton University.